Sedimentology, Provenance and Radiometric Dating of the Silante Formation: Implications for the Cenozoic Evolution of the Western Andes of Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional Geology
2.1. The Western Cordillera
2.2. The Pallatanga Block and the Allochthonous Basement of Western Ecuador
2.3. The Yunguilla Formation
2.4. The Tandapi Unit
2.5. The Angamarca Group and the Pilalo Formation
2.6. The Oligocene to Miocene San Juan De Lachas Continental Arc
3. The Silante Formation and Its Stratigraphic Problem
4. Methodology
5. Results
5.1. Stratigraphy of the Nono–Tandayapa and Calacalí–Nanegalito Road Sections
5.2. Sedimentology of the Pilalo Formation
5.2.1. Lithofacies SMI: Siltstones with Mudstone Intercalations
5.2.2. Lithofacies MS: Massive Sandstones with Load Cast
5.2.3. Lithofacies DMS: Massive Sandstones with Floating Clasts
5.2.4. Lithofacies MSC: Matrix-Supported Conglomerates
5.3. Sedimentology of the Silante Formation
5.3.1. Lithofacies MM: Mudstones
5.3.2. Lithofacies FMS: Massive Siltstones
5.3.3. Lithofacies MSS: Massive Sandstones
5.3.4. Lithofacies SPL: Sandstones with Parallel Lamination
5.3.5. Lithofacies GMM1: Massive Matrix Supported Conglomerates
5.3.6. Lithofacies GCM1: Massive Clast Supported Conglomerates
5.3.7. Lithofacies GMM2: Matrix Supported Conglomerates
5.4. Depositional Environment of the Pilalo and Silante Formations
5.5. Provenance Analysis of the Pilalo and Silante Formations
5.6. Heavy Mineral Data
5.7. Clinopyroxene Single Grain Geochemistry of the Pilalo and Silante Formations
5.8. QFL Analysis (Quartz-Feldspar-Lithic Fragments)
5.9. U-Pb Ages of the Silante Formation
6. Discussion: Paleogeographic and Paleotectonic Model
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Latitude | Longitude | Area | Formation | Lithology | Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy Minerals | Clinopyroxene Geochemistry | QFL Analysis | U-Pb Dating | ||||||
00RS26 | 0°25′6.94″ S | 78°47′27.77″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
JL17003 | 0°26′25.22″ S | 78°44′8.25″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | quartzdiorite | X | |||
JL17002 | 0°26′18.81″ S | 78°42′24.19″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
01SA005 | 0°26′19.14″ S | 78°42′23.48″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
01SA008 | 0°26′19.14″ S | 78°42′23.48″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02CV135 | 0°26′50.16″ S | 78°42′45.58″ W | Aloag–Santo Domingo road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
00RS34 | 0°0′22.84″ N | 78°34′48.29″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
00RS35 | 0°0′22.52″ N | 78°35′27.44″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02CV56 | 0°1′14.72″ N | 78°36′44.37″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
04SA049 | 0°1′19.56″ N | 78°36′52.71″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
02SA028 | 0°1′28.45″ N | 78°39′1.23″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
04SA042 | 0°0′24.21″ N | 78°35′28.54″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
04SA053 | 0°0′14.16″ N | 78°35′22.04″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
04SA034 | 0°2′0.05″ N | 78°40′51.36″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
04SA051 | 0°1′29.39″ N | 78°37′5.60″ W | Calacali–Nanegalito road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
00RS4 | 2°39′31.22″ S | 79°26′47.30″ W | Cuenca–La Troncal road | Yunguilla | arkose sandstone | X | |||
00RS2 | 2°38′59.85″ S | 79°26′55.05″ W | Cuenca–La Troncal road | Yunguilla | arkose sandstone | X | |||
WW3311 | 3°5′7.77″ S | 79°0′29.94″ W | Cumbe | Yunguilla | arkose sandstone | X | |||
03CV172 | 0°1′49.69″ S | 78°33′35.47″ W | Nono | Pilalo | andesite | X | |||
02SA027 | 0°1′55.20″ S | 78°38′30.84″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
05SA075 | 0°1′25.03″ S | 78°38′43.42″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02SA016 | 0°3′30.12″ S | 78°36′41.58″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02SA019 | 0°3′22.02″ S | 78°36′56.84″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
05SA066 | 0°3′21.69″ S | 78°36′55.48″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
05SA072 | 0°1′54.91″ S | 78°38′30.55″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
05SA074 | 0°1′25.03″ S | 78°38′43.42″ W | Nono–Tandayapa road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02CV99 | 0°16′37.91″ N | 78°27′40.76″ W | Otavalo–Selva Alegre road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
CV380 | 0°17′6.93″ N | 78°29′58.32″ W | Otavalo–Selva Alegre road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
02SA029 | 0°16′42.49″ S | 78°42′31.86″ W | Quito–Chiriboga road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
06SA081 | 0°16′43.63″ S | 78°42′59.28″ W | Quito–Chiriboga road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | X | ||
02CV33 | 0°17′51.60″ S | 78°38′56.46″ W | Quito–Chiriboga road | Pilalo | volcaniclastic sandstone | X | |||
06SA078 | 0°16′42.49″ S | 78°42′31.86″ W | Quito–Chiriboga road | Silante | volcaniclastic sandstone | X |
Lithofacies | Description | Interpretation |
---|---|---|
Pilalo Formation | ||
SMI | Intercalations of dark grey laminated siltstones and mudstones | Silty-muddy turbidites (Bouma Tde subdivisions) generated by low-density turbidity currents in the distal part of a submarine fan |
MS | Massive sandstones with load cast, and volcanic clasts | Sandy turbidites generated by high-density turbidity current infilling channels in the middle part of a submarine fan |
DMS | Massive sandstones with floating clasts of volcanic origin | Sandy debrites deposited by plastic flows in channels of the middle part of a submarine fan |
MSC | Matrix-supported conglomerates with volcanic clasts | Conglomerates generated by debris flows. The common association with turbidites and sandy debrites suggests the upper part of a submarine fan |
Silante Formation | ||
MM | Reddish unstructured mudstones and siltstones with poorly developed parallel lamination. | Reddish color in mudstones suggest floodplain deposits deposited under oxidizing conditions |
FMS | Reddish siltstones and fine-grained sandstones | Distal facies of alluvial fan margins in semi-arid continental environments |
MSS | Structureless fine-grained sandstones | Sandy lithofacies deposited by a hyper-concentrated flow in the middle part of an alluvial fan |
SPL | Reddish to yellowish sandstones with parallel lamination | Channels or sheet flood deposits deposited in the middle part of an alluvial fan |
GMM1 | Massive matrix-supported conglomerates | Deposits produced by debris flows in the upper part of an alluvial fan |
GCM1 | Massive clast-supported conglomerates | Deposits formed by debris flows in the upper part of an alluvial fan system |
GMM2 | Matrix-supported conglomerates, poorly sorted | Proximal facies of an alluvial fan depositional system, close to the alluvial fan head |
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Vallejo, C.; Almagor, S.; Romero, C.; Herrera, J.L.; Escobar, V.; Spikings, R.A.; Winkler, W.; Vermeesch, P. Sedimentology, Provenance and Radiometric Dating of the Silante Formation: Implications for the Cenozoic Evolution of the Western Andes of Ecuador. Minerals 2020, 10, 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100929
Vallejo C, Almagor S, Romero C, Herrera JL, Escobar V, Spikings RA, Winkler W, Vermeesch P. Sedimentology, Provenance and Radiometric Dating of the Silante Formation: Implications for the Cenozoic Evolution of the Western Andes of Ecuador. Minerals. 2020; 10(10):929. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100929
Chicago/Turabian StyleVallejo, Cristian, Santiago Almagor, Christian Romero, Jose L. Herrera, Vanessa Escobar, Richard A. Spikings, Wilfried Winkler, and Pieter Vermeesch. 2020. "Sedimentology, Provenance and Radiometric Dating of the Silante Formation: Implications for the Cenozoic Evolution of the Western Andes of Ecuador" Minerals 10, no. 10: 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100929